The Archaeological Potential of Brownfield Sites
When people think of archaeology, they often imagine remote landscapes, ancient ruins, or pristine excavation sites untouched by modern development. However, some of the most significant discoveries in recent years have emerged from brownfield sites, previously developed land now proposed for regeneration. While these sites might appear to be of little archaeological interest at first glance, they often conceal layers of historical significance beneath the surface. With the government pushing for more housing and development, now might be the time to look at your brownfield site; but it remains important to consider the potential for archaeological remains early in the process.
Why Brownfield Sites
Matter for Archaeology
Balancing the Need for New Houses with England’s Iconic Open Spaces
Brownfield sites, which range from old industrial facilities to derelict buildings, frequently contain remnants of past human activity. Whether it’s traces of an Iron Age settlement beneath a demolished factory or the discovery of a King beneath a car park, these sites can hold valuable insights into the past.
Unlike greenfield sites, which have remained largely undisturbed, brownfield sites often contain multiple layers of occupation, reflecting centuries of change. This stratification can provide a unique archaeological record that would be absent in untouched land.
Types of Archaeological Finds on Brownfield Sites
- Industrial Heritage: Many brownfield sites were once hubs of industrial activity. Old mills, factories, and workshops often have remnants of machinery, worker housing, and transport infrastructure. Our Archaeology Director was once lucky enough to excavate on a former factory site in Wales which was switched to making Spitfires during World War Two – he spent a lot of time shovelling bricks around!
- Roman and Medieval Settlement: Cities and towns that have evolved over centuries often contain evidence of earlier settlements beneath modern structures. The Roman level in London is found at depths varying from 3-6 metres from modern street level!
- Prehistoric Occupation: Beneath modern development, prehistoric evidence can survive at depth. On a brownfield site in Tottenham Hale, our Archaeology Director was involved in a find comprising a Mesolithic flint scatter!
- Lost Cemeteries and Burial Grounds: Many brownfield sites have been redeveloped multiple times, sometimes over forgotten cemeteries or burial plots. We are currently involved in a project which was developed with industrial works in the 20th century, and was later found to have been built over a Saxon burial ground!
Challenges and Opportunities in Brownfield Archaeology
Challenges:
- Previous Disturbance: Construction and demolition activities can damage or destroy archaeological remains, making excavation more complex. In addition, brownfield sites can be contaminated as a result of human activity, and this may affect the archaeological work.
- Programme: Developers often work on tight schedules and budgets, making it challenging to incorporate extensive archaeological investigations. There are often a plethora of surveys required on brownfield sites, including contamination surveys, geotechnical surveys and more, which the archaeological work needs to be worked around.
Opportunities:
- Technological Advancements: Tools like ground-penetrating radar (GPR) allow archaeologists to survey sites without full excavation. Techniques are evolving which can give us additional information in a non-intrusive manner, even on brownfield sites.
- Collaboration with Developers: Early engagement with an archaeological consultant can ensure that the archaeological work is programmed and budgeted for early into any design process, planning application, or demolition and construction programme.
- Public Engagement: Many brownfield excavations attract public interest given that it is often right on their doorstep, providing opportunities for community involvement and education.
Conclusion
Brownfield sites can often be dismissed as archaeologically insignificant due to their history of development. However, these locations can hold layers of hidden heritage, which can cause issues with a development programme or budgets further down the line if not recognised and approached early on. We would recommend getting in touch for advice even on brownfield sites, which might at first glance appear to be of little archaeological interest.
Unlock the Potential of Sensitive Sites
At HEA, we specialise in balancing development ambitions with heritage considerations, ensuring compliance with policy while safeguarding the character of historic towns and landscapes. Our structured methodology, underpinned by professional standards and tailored to each site, provides clients with a clear pathway to realising their vision.
If you require assistance for your development project, our team is here to help. To speak with one of our expert consultants, please call us at 0808 164 1288 or email us at hello@hea-llp.com
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